INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA, NUTRITION AND HEALTH
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Abstract
The intestinal microbiota consists of microorganisms (viruses, archaea, fungi, and protozoa) (1) that inhabit the human intestine, comprising over 100 trillion bacteria with an approximate weight of 1.5 kg (2). These microorganisms are distributed into three main groups based on their functions: pathogenic bacteria in very low quantities controlled by the immune system, beneficial commensal microorganisms, and sensitive pathogens (3).
Moreover, its structure includes more than 200 bacterial strains belonging to three major families: Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, which are Gram-positive bacteria, and Bacteroidetes, which are Gram-negative bacteria (4,5). It has been reported that more than 90% of the bacteria belong to the phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes (2). The Firmicutes phylum includes several genera, with the most frequent being Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, Ruminococcus, and Clostridium. In the Actinobacteria phylum, the most abundant genus is Bifidobacterium (6).
At birth, the intestine is sterile and becomes fully colonized during the first year of life. Factors influencing its composition include the type of delivery and breastfeeding, and later, genetics, diet, and environmental factors, including antibiotic use (4,7). Each person has a unique intestinal microbiota. For instance, in adults, an inadequate diet, antibiotic abuse, or the aging process can promote intestinal dysbiosis, characterized by an alteration in the bacterial population, which can be qualitative (predominance of different species) or quantitative (lower concentration of beneficial bacteria) (4).
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