ESTRATEGIAS PARA LA ERRADICACIÓN MUNDIAL DE LA HEPATITIS VIRAL CRÓNICA PARA EL 2030
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dic 4, 2020
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Los virus de hepatitis B (VHB), C (VHC) y D (VHD); producen hepatitis viral crónica (HVC) responsable de 1.4 millones de muertes por cirrosis hepática y carcinoma hepatocelular. La Organización Mundial de la Salud, adoptó estrategias para la eliminación del VHC para el año 2030. La vacunación contra el VHB reduce el 80% de muertes, previene la HVC por VHB, VHD y el carcinoma hepatocelular. La prevención de la transmisión vertical es una estrategia 90% útil para detener la HVC en hijos de madres infectadas con el VHB. El uso apropiado de inyecciones, pesquisaje adecuado de la sangre de dotantes y la selección restrictiva de donantes disminuye el riesgo de VHC. Las medidas de reducción de daño de HVC consisten en proporcionar jeringas estériles a adictos, prevención de accidentes por pinchazos en personal de salud, introducción de dispositivos de seguridad para la prevención de lesiones punzantes, vacunación de todos los trabajadores de la salud y profilaxis posterior a accidentes laborales. El diagnóstico correcto de VHB permitirá instaurar el tratamiento disponible no curativo, mientras que la terapia antiviral de acción directa cura la hepatitis C. El uso de preservativos y nuevos métodos diagnósticos podrían ser estrategias útiles de prevención de HVC.
Palabras claves: hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hepatitis D, hepatitis viral crónica, cirrosis hepática, erradicación.
ABSTRACT
Chronic viral hepatitis (CVH) associated with Hepatitis B (HBV), C (HCV) and D (HDV) viruses are responsible for 1.4 million deaths from liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The World Health Organization has implemented strategies for the elimination of HCV by 2030. Vaccination against HBV reduces 80% of deaths and prevents CVH associated with HBV, HDV, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The prevention of perinatal vertical transmission is the most appropriate strategy to avoid CVH by 90% in children of HBV infected mothers. The use of injections appropriately, the screening of blood from donors, and restrictive donor selection decrease the risk of HCV. CVH harm reduction consist of providing sterile syringes to people who inject drugs (PWID), prevention of accidental puncture in health personnel, introduction of safety devices for the prevention of puncture injuries, vaccination against HBV of all health workers and post-exposure prophylaxis after work related accidents. The correct diagnosis of HBV, will allow the introduction of available non-curative treatment, while direct-acting antiviral therapy cures hepatitis C. The use of condoms and new diagnostic methods could be useful strategies for preventing HCV.
Keywords: hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hepatitis D, chronic viral hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, eradication.
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Mengual-Moreno, E., Lizarzábal-García, M., & J. Penaloza, O. (2020). ESTRATEGIAS PARA LA ERRADICACIÓN MUNDIAL DE LA HEPATITIS VIRAL CRÓNICA PARA EL 2030. Enfermería Investiga, 5(4), 45–53. https://doi.org/10.31243/ei.uta.v5i4.976.2020
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2. GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet 2015;385(9963):117-171.
3. Li H, Yan L, Shi Y, et al. Hepatitis B Virus Infection: Overview. Adv Exp Med Biol 2020;1179:1-16.
4. Lanini S, Easterbrook P, Zumla A, Ippolito G. Hepatitis C: global epidemiology and strategies for control. Clin Microbiol Infect 2016;22(10):833-838.
5. Chen H, Shen D, Ji D, et al. Prevalence and burden of hepatitis D virus infection in the global population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gut 2019;68(3):512-521.
6. Degenhardt L, Peacock A, Colledge S, et al. Global prevalence of injecting drug use and sociodemographic characteristics and prevalence of HIV, HBV, and HCV in people who inject drugs: a multistage systematic review. Lancet Glob Health 2017;5(12):e1192-e1207.
7. Gilman C, Heller T, Koh C. Chronic hepatitis delta: A state-of-the-art review and new therapies. World J Gastroenterol 2019;25(32):4580-4597.
8. Hu J, Protzer U, Siddiqui A. Revisiting Hepatitis B Virus: Challenges of Curative Therapies. J Virol 2019;93(20):e01032-19.
9. Spearman C, Dusheiko G, Hellard M, Sonderup M. Hepatitis C. Lancet 2019;394(10207):1451-1466.
10. Waheed Y, Siddiq M, Jamil Z, Najmi MH. Hepatitis elimination by 2030: Progress and challenges. World J Gastroenterol 2018;24(44):4959-4961.
11. World Health Organization. Hepatitis B vaccines: WHO position paper, July 2017 - Recommendations. Vaccine 2019;37(2):223-225.
12. Goldstein S, Zhou F, Hadler S, Bell B, Mast E, Margolis H. A mathematical model to estimate global hepatitis B disease burden and vaccination impact. Int J Epidemiol 2005;34(6):1329-1339.
13. Chan C, Lee S, Lo K. Legend of hepatitis B vaccination: the Taiwan experience. J GastroenterolHepatol 2004;19(2):121-126.
14. Rizzetto M, Ciancio A. Epidemiology of hepatitis D. Semin Liver Dis 2012;32(3):211-219.
15. Mast E, Weinbaum C, Fiore A, et al. A comprehensive immunization strategy to eliminate transmission of hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) Part II: immunization of adults [published correction appears in MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. MMWR Recomm Rep 2006;55(RR-16):1-CE4.
16. Lin A, Wong K. Long-term protection of neonatal hepatitis B vaccination in a 30-year cohort in Hong Kong. J Hepatol 2013;59(6):1363-1364.
17. Geier M, Geier D, Zahalsky A. A review of hepatitis B vaccination. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2003;2(2):113-122.
18. Greenberg D, Wong V, Partridge S, Howe B, Ward J. Safety and immunogenicity of a combination diphtheria-tetanus toxoids-acellular pertussis-hepatitis B vaccine administered at two, four and six months of age compared with monovalent hepatitis B vaccine administered at birth, one month and six months of age. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2002;21(8):769-777.
19. Kuan R, Janssen R, Heyward W, Bennett S, Nordyke R. Cost-effectiveness of hepatitis B vaccination using HEPLISAV™ in selected adult populations compared to Engerix-B® vaccine. Vaccine 2013;31(37):4024-4032.
20. Ma L, Alla N, Li X, Mynbaev O, Shi Z. Mother-to-child transmission of HBV: review of current clinical management and prevention strategies. Rev Med Virol. 2014;24(6):396-406.
21. Henderson J, Webber E, Bean S. Screening for Hepatitis B Infection in Pregnant Women: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA 2019;322(4):360-362.
22. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 86: Viral hepatitis in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2007;110(4):941-956.
23. Pan C, Duan Z, Bhamidimarri K, et al. An algorithm for risk assessment and intervention of mother to child transmission of hepatitis B virus. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012;10(5):452-459.
24. Piratvisuth T. Optimal management of HBV infection during pregnancy. Liver Int. 2013;33Suppl 1:188-194.
25. Gambarin-Gelwan M. Hepatitis B in pregnancy. Clin Liver Dis. 2007;11(4):945-x.
26. Lee C, Gong Y, Brok J, Boxall EH, Gluud C. Effect of hepatitis B immunisation in newborn infants of mothers positive for hepatitis B surface antigen: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2006;332(7537):328-336.
27. Ayoub W, Cohen E. Hepatitis B Management in the Pregnant Patient: An Update. J ClinTransl Hepatol 2016;4(3):241-247.
28. Singh A, Plitt S, Osiowy C, et al. Factors associated with vaccine failure and vertical transmission of hepatitis B among a cohort of Canadian mothers and infants. J Viral Hepat 2011;18(7):468-473.
29. Xu W, Cui Y, Wang L, et al. Lamivudine in late pregnancy to prevent perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus infection: a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Viral Hepat 2009;16(2):94-103.
30. Liaw YF, Gane E, Leung N, et al. 2-Year GLOBE trial results: telbivudine Is superior to lamivudine in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology 2009;136(2):486-495.
31. Greenup A, Tan P, Nguyen V, et al. Efficacy and safety of tenofovirdisoproxilfumarate in pregnancy to prevent perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus. J Hepatol 2014;61(3):502-507.
32. Buchanan C, Tran T. Management of chronic hepatitis B in pregnancy. Clin Liver Dis 2010;14(3):495-504.
33. Dziekan G, Chisholm D, Johns B, Rovira J, Hutin Y. The cost-effectiveness of policies for the safe and appropriate use of injection in healthcare settings. Bull World Health Organ 2003;81(4):277-285.
34. Pépin J, Abou Chakra C, Pépin E, Nault V. Evolution of the global use of unsafe medical injections, 2000-2010. PLoS One 2013;8(12):e80948.
35. Hagan H, Pouget E, Des Jarlais D, Lelutiu C. Meta-regression of hepatitis C virus infection in relation to time since onset of illicit drug injection: the influence of time and place. Am J Epidemiol 2008;168(10):1099-1109.
36. Bruneau J, Roy E, Arruda N, Zang G, Jutras-Aswad D. The rising prevalence of prescription opioid injection and its association with hepatitis C incidence among street-drug users. Addiction 2012;107(7):1318-1327.
37. Zibbell J, Iqbal K, Patel R, et al. Increases in hepatitis C virus infection related to injection drug use among persons aged ?30 years - Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia, 2006-2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015;64(17):453-458.
38. Zibbell J, Asher A, Patel R, et al. Increases in Acute Hepatitis C Virus Infection Related to a Growing Opioid Epidemic and Associated Injection Drug Use, United States, 2004 to 2014. Am J Public Health 2018;108(2):175-181.
39. Vermeulen M, Reddy R. Current screening strategies for blood donor screening in developing countries. ISBT Sci Ser. 2010;5(1):308–313
40. Dwyre D, Fernando L, Holland P. Hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV transfusion-transmitted infections in the 21st century. Vox Sang 2011;100(1):92-98.
41. Velati C, Romanò L, Piccinini V, et al. Prevalence, incidence and residual risk of transfusion-transmitted hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus after the implementation of nucleic acid testing in Italy: a 7-year (2009-2015) survey. Blood Transfus 2018;16(5):422-432.
42. Tafesse T, Gebru A, Gobalee S, et al. Seroprevalence and diagnosis of HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis infections among blood donors. Hum Antibodies 2017;25(1-2):39-55.
43. Campbell C, Canary L, Smith N, Teshale E, Ryerson A, Ward J. State HCV Incidence and Policies Related to HCV Preventive and Treatment Services for Persons Who Inject Drugs - United States, 2015-2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017;66(18):465-469.
44. Estrada A. Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and tuberculosis among minority injection drug users. Public Health Rep 2002;117Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S126-S134.
45. Des Jarlais D, McKnight C, Goldblatt C, Purchase D. Doing harm reduction better: syringe exchange in the United States. Addiction 2009;104(9):1441-1446.
46. Sharma R, Rasania S, Verma A, Singh S. Study of Prevalence and Response to Needle Stick Injuries among Health Care Workers in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Delhi, India. Indian J Community Med 2010;35(1):74-77.
47. Rapisarda V, Loreto C, Vitale E, et al. Incidence of sharp and needle-stick injuries and mucocutaneous blood exposure among healthcare workers. Future Microbiol 2019;14:27-31.
48. Harb A, Tarabay R, Diab B, Ballout R, Khamassi S, Akl E. Safety engineered injection devices for intramuscular, subcutaneous and intradermal injections in healthcare delivery settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Nurs 2015;14:71.
49. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Immunization of health-care personnel: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep 2011;60(RR-7):1-45.
50. Jahan S. Epidemiology of needlestick injuries among health care workers in a secondary care hospital in Saudi Arabia. Ann Saudi Med. 2005;25(3):233-238.
51. Smithers P, Murray SB, Stewart S, Skull S. Hospital health care worker (HCW) vaccination coverage after implementation of an HCW vaccination policy. Aust Health Rev 2003;26(1):76-83.
52. Yuan Q, Wang F, Zheng H, et al. Hepatitis B vaccination coverage among health care workers in China. PLoS One 2019;14(5):e0216598.
53. Chang HH, Lee WK, Moon C, et al. The acceptable duration between occupational exposure to hepatitis B virus and hepatitis B immunoglobulin injection: Results from a Korean nationwide, multicenter study. Am J Infect Control. 2016;44(2):189-193.
54. Cheng L, Guan Q, Zhang J, Sun Z. Discrepancies between two automated immunoassay systems in determining hepatitis B virus markers in serum samples with concomitant presence of antigens and antibodies. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2010;40(1):49-52.
55. Kao JH. Diagnosis of hepatitis B virus infection through serological and virological markers. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008;2(4):553-562.
56. Datta S, Chatterjee S, Veer V. Recent advances in molecular diagnostics of hepatitis B virus. World J Gastroenterol 2014;20(40):14615-14625.
57. Uliana C, Riccardi C, Yamanaka H. Diagnostic tests for hepatitis C: recent trends in electrochemical immunosensor and genosensor analysis. World J Gastroenterol 2014;20(42):15476-15491.
58. Albeldawi M, Ruiz-Rodriguez E, Carey WD. Hepatitis C virus: Prevention, screening, and interpretation of assays. Cleve Clin J Med 2010;77(9):616-626.
59. Firdaus R, Saha K, Biswas A, Sadhukhan PC. Current molecular methods for the detection of hepatitis C virus in high risk group population: A systematic review. World J Virol 2015;4(1):25-32.
60. Hoofnagle J. Course and outcome of hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2002;36(5 Suppl 1):S21-S29.
61. European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL 2017 Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol 2017;67(2):370-398.
62. Terrault N, Lok A, McMahon B, et al. Update on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of chronic hepatitis B: AASLD 2018 hepatitis B guidance. Hepatology. 2018;67(4):1560-1599.
63. AASLD-IDSA HCV Guidance Panel. Hepatitis C Guidance 2018 Update: AASLD-IDSA Recommendations for Testing, Managing, and Treating Hepatitis C Virus Infection. Clin Infect Dis 2018;67(10):1477-1492.
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