The Impact of the Chemical Composition of Breast Milk on Cognitive Development during Infancy

Abstract

Breast milk is an essential food for infants, providing optimal growth and development during the first six months and then complementing with appropriate foods. Its bioactive composition impacts the gastrointestinal health, immune system, and brain development of the baby. This article reviews the chemical composition of breast milk and its effect on infant cognitive development, highlighting its importance for the health and development of the newborn.

The methodology used was based on the PRISMA method, reviewing twenty-three selected articles that investigated the relationship between the chemical composition of breast milk and infant cognitive development. The results show a significant correlation between the duration of breastfeeding and the adult intelligence quotient, suggesting a long-term cognitive benefit. The composition of breast milk evolves to meet the needs of the neonate, providing a variety of essential nutrients such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, water, and vitamins. The presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids such as DHA is highlighted, fundamental for brain and cognitive development. Breastfeeding also influences the temperament and social behavior of the newborn, as well as the volume of the hippocampus, crucial for memory and learning.

Despite efforts to emulate the composition and functional effects of breast milk in artificial formulas, breast milk remains irreplaceable in its positive influence on infant cognitive development. The importance of promoting and supporting breastfeeding as the optimal choice for infant feeding is emphasized