VACCINATION AGAINST HEPATITIS B IN ECUADOR: RISK GROUPS, COMORBIDITIES AND TOXIC HABITS IN NON-RESPONDING INDIVIDUALS.
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Publicado:
abr 3, 2022
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hepatitis B, vaccines, occupational risks, immunization
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Introduction; Hepatitis B virus is a viral agent that chronically infects humans, with an estimated 400 million people at permanent risk of developing cirrhosis and/or hepatocellular carcinoma. Immunization against hepatitis B (HB) is effective and safe, it is one of the most effective interventions for immunoprevention. However, there is a population group that does not respond to vaccination. Objective: to analyze the lack of response to anti-HB vaccine in the Ecuadorian population and its association with risk groups, comorbidities and toxic habits. Methods: A documentary design was applied through the analysis of different selected sources of scientific databases under inclusion and exclusion criteria, published in the last 10 years. The prevalence of HB shows endemicity in different regions. Health care providers are one of the groups with the highest risk of becoming infected, as well as newborns of seropositive mothers. The identified factors associated with the lack of response to vaccination are obesity, celiac disease, advanced age, immunocompetence, male sex, co-infections, smoking, drug addiction and alcoholism. Conclusion: Hepatitis B remains a major health problem throughout the world. Compliance of the complete administration of hepatitis B vaccine schedule is encouraged as established by health authorities in favor of children and people at risk, especially health personnel. Monitoring of antibodies and dose reinforcement is also advised.
Keywords: hepatitis B, vaccines, occupational risks, immunization
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Arteaga Chamorro, W. A., Andrade Mendoza, L. L., & Valero Cedeño, N. (2022). VACCINATION AGAINST HEPATITIS B IN ECUADOR: RISK GROUPS, COMORBIDITIES AND TOXIC HABITS IN NON-RESPONDING INDIVIDUALS. Enfermería Investiga, 7(2), 62–68. https://doi.org/10.31243/ei.uta.v7i2.1615.2022
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16. Aguilar Urbina EW, García Tello V, Hilario Vargas J, Concepción Urteaga , Maguiña Vargas C. Factors associated with inadequate response to the hepatitis B vaccine in patients with HIV. Journal of Gastroenterology of Peru. 2019; 39(3): p. 252-257.ISSN 1022-5129
17. Loza Munárriz C, Depaz Dolores , Suarez Jara M, Loza Munárriz R. Frequency of serological markers of viral hepatitis B and C in patients entering the hemodialysis program for the first time at the Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia. Rev. of Gastroenterology of Peru. 2005; 25(4).p.320-327. ISSN 1022-5129.
18. Valero Cedeño N, Fernandez Nieto M. Importance of Hepatitis B virus immunization in Nursing students. Nursing Research. 2018; 3(3): 155-159. ISSN 2550-6692.
19. Yuste H, Valcárcel Y, Gil A. Vaccination status and knowledge about the Hepatitis B vaccine in Nursing students. Nure Investigation. 2015; 3(21).
twenty. Kazuto T, Shimizu. Unsolved problems and future perspectives of hepatitis B virus vaccination. WorldJournal of Gastroenterology. 2015; 21(23).p.7074–7083. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i23.7074
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27. Cohen E, Tran TT. Hepatitis B in the Female Population. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2016; 45(2).p. 359-70. Doi: 10.1016/j.gtc.2016.02.011.
28. Cheung KW, Tzu-Hsi Lao. Hepatitis B - Vertical transmission and the prevention of mother-to-child transmission. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2020; 68. p. 78-88. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2020.02.014.
29. asscat. [On-line]; 2020. Accessed July 24, 2020. Available at:https://asscat-hepatitis.org/hepatitis-viricas/hepatitis-b/#:~:text=El%20diagn%C3%B3stico%20serol%C3%B3gico%20de%20la,y%20el%20antibody%20anti% 2Dcore.
30. Yaron Rotman, Brown A, Hoofnagle. Evaluation of the patient with hepatitis B. General Medicine. 2009; 49(5). Doi: 10.1002/hep.22976.
31. Fanning GC, Zoulim, Hou, Bertoletti. Therapeutic strategies for hepatitis B virus infection: towards a cure. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2019; 18(11). p. 827-844. doi:10.1038/s41573-019-0037-0.
32. Villacreses Córdova, Fernández Nieto, Merchán Ponce, Valero Cedeño. Knowledge, attitudes and practices in students of the health area in an Ecuadorian university and its association with the serological profile for Hepatitis B by immunization. science domain. 2019; 5(1).
33. Mormile R. Hepatitis B vaccine nonresponse: A predictor of latent autoimmunity? Medical Hypotheses. 2017; 104:p. 45-47. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.05.020.
3. 4. Wilkins, Sams, Carpenter. Hepatitis B: Screening, Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Am Fam Physician. 2019; 99(5).p. 314-323. PMID: 30811163
35. Boeijen LL, Hoogeveen RC, Andre B, Lauer GM. Hepatitis B virus infection and the immune response: The big questions. Best Practice Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2017; 31(3). p. 265-272. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2017.05.003.
36. Spanish Association of Pediatrics. [On-line].; 2014. Accessed November 12, 2020. Available at:https://www.aeped.es/sites/default/files/documentos/hepatitisB.pdf.
37. World Health Organization. [On-line].; 2017. Accessed November 13, 2020. Available at:https://www.who.int/en/news/item/21-04-2017-new-hepatitis-data-highlight-need-for-urgent-global-response.
38. Boeijen L, Hoogeveen R, Andre B, Lauer G. Hepatitis B virus infection and the immune response: The big questions. Best Practice Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2017; 31(3).p. 265-272. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2017.05.003.
39. Ruiz H, Diaz AM. Analysis of the evolution of acute hepatitis B in Spain. National Epidemiology Center. Carlos III Health Institute. 2019; 4(27).
40. Ministry of Public Health (MSP). Immunopreventable Hepatitis B. [Online].; 2020.. Available at:https://www.salud.gob.ec/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/ETAS-SE-16_2020.pdf.
41. Ministry of Public Health (MSP). Weekly Epidemiological Gazette. , General Directorate of Epidemiological Surveillance.
42. Thomas RJ, Fletcher GJ, Kirupakaran H, Chacko MP, Thenmozhi S, Eapen CE, Chandy G, Abraham P. Prevalence of non-responsiveness to an indigenous recombinant hepatitis B vaccine: a study among South Indian health care workers in a tertiary hospital. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2015 Feb;33 Suppl:32-6. doi: 10.4103/0255-0857.150877.
43. Obiri-Yeboah D, Awuku YA, Adjei G, Cudjoe O, Benjamin AH, Obboh E, Amoako-Sakyi D. Post Hepatitis B vaccination sero-conversion among health care workers in the Cape Coast Metropolis of Ghana. PLoS One. 2019 Jun 28;14(6) doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0219148. PMID: 31251790; PMCID: PMC6599216.
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