The Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis: Influence of the Microbiota on Brain Health and Immune Response

Abstract

Introduction - The human intestine harbors a diverse microbiota consisting of over 10 billion microorganisms, influencing various physiological functions and playing a crucial role in the communication between the gut and the brain. The microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA) is considered a significant paradigm, incorporating the intestinal flora in this communication. The gut microbiota influences neurogenesis, cognitive function, and brain health, with its composition changing throughout life due to environmental and genetic factors. The immune system is a key link in the interaction between the gut and the brain through neural, immune, and endocrine pathways. An association has been observed between changes in the gut microbiota and psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and depression. Current research focuses on a bacterium called Segmented Filamentous Bacteria (SFB), associated with immune response and potentially influencing pathologies related to hyperactive immune response. Understanding the effects of bacterial metabolites on brain function and the immune system is essential for developing dietary and therapeutic approaches in neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. Objective: Conduct a literature review based on scientific literature from the last five years on the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis and its influence on Brain Health and Immune Response. Materials and Methods: A descriptive literature review was conducted, considering articles published in the last five years in journals indexed in regional and global databases such as MEDLINE/PubMed (U.S.A. National Library of Medicine), SciELO Regional, Cochrane Library, Latindex, Elsevier Scopus, Dialnet, Redalyc crts., LILACS. Discussion: The microbiota-gut-brain axis describes the complex interactions between the gut microbiota, the central nervous system, and the immune system. The microbiota, composed of microorganisms in the intestine, influences brain health and immune response. This bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain is crucial, as it is associated with neurological and developmental disorders; research suggests therapies based on microbiota modulation to address mental health issues and inflammatory disorders. Conclusion: The gut microbiota plays a vital role in regulating the immune system and may be linked to the presence of nervous system disorders. Ongoing research aims to understand these connections, potentially leading to innovative therapeutic approaches for improving immune health and well-being in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Additionally, research on the presence of segmented filamentous bacteria and its relation to immune response is mentioned, highlighting how modulation could benefit neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. In summary, understanding the interaction between gut microbiota and the brain is crucial for addressing various diseases and developing therapeutic approaches based on dietary and microbial modulation