Trastorno del espectro autista en la edad pediátrica. Revisión de la literatura

Abstract

Introduction: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is part of a complex group of pervasive developmental disorders characterized by deficits in the areas of social communication and restricted and repetitive behaviors. The detection of ASD in the pediatric population has increased due to the development of early identification tools. Although there is no test considered the gold standard for its diagnosis, there is a consensus on the importance of early detection of children with this condition. Methodology: A review of scientific articles, cohort studies, case studies, meta-analyses and systematic reviews available in impact scientific databases such as PubMed, Virtual Health Library (BVS), Science Direct, Scopus and Google Scholar was carried out. Results: ASD groups neurodevelopmental problems related to a multifactorial and polygenic etiology, characterized by social communication deficits, and a repetitive/restricted mode of behaviors. The estimated prevalence is one case for every 160 children in the world. The early diagnosis of these problems and the orientation of the cases against behavioral and educational interventions are key in the treatment of these patients. Conclusions: ASD is a complex condition influenced by a combination of genetic, environmental and neurodevelopmental factors. The review highlights the importance of early diagnosis and intervention to promote better long-term clinical prognosis thanks to the neuroplasticity of the brain in the pediatric age.