VACCINATION AGAINST HEPATITIS B IN ECUADOR: RISK GROUPS, COMORBIDITIES AND TOXIC HABITS IN NON-RESPONDING INDIVIDUALS.
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abr 3, 2022
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hepatitis B, vaccines, occupational risks, immunization
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Introduction; Hepatitis B virus is a viral agent that chronically infects humans, with an estimated 400 million people at permanent risk of developing cirrhosis and/or hepatocellular carcinoma. Immunization against hepatitis B (HB) is effective and safe, it is one of the most effective interventions for immunoprevention. However, there is a population group that does not respond to vaccination. Objective: to analyze the lack of response to anti-HB vaccine in the Ecuadorian population and its association with risk groups, comorbidities and toxic habits. Methods: A documentary design was applied through the analysis of different selected sources of scientific databases under inclusion and exclusion criteria, published in the last 10 years. The prevalence of HB shows endemicity in different regions. Health care providers are one of the groups with the highest risk of becoming infected, as well as newborns of seropositive mothers. The identified factors associated with the lack of response to vaccination are obesity, celiac disease, advanced age, immunocompetence, male sex, co-infections, smoking, drug addiction and alcoholism. Conclusion: Hepatitis B remains a major health problem throughout the world. Compliance of the complete administration of hepatitis B vaccine schedule is encouraged as established by health authorities in favor of children and people at risk, especially health personnel. Monitoring of antibodies and dose reinforcement is also advised.
Keywords: hepatitis B, vaccines, occupational risks, immunization
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Arteaga Chamorro, W. A., Andrade Mendoza, L. L., & Valero Cedeño, N. (2022). VACCINATION AGAINST HEPATITIS B IN ECUADOR: RISK GROUPS, COMORBIDITIES AND TOXIC HABITS IN NON-RESPONDING INDIVIDUALS. Enfermería Investiga, 7(2), 62–68. https://doi.org/10.31243/ei.uta.v7i2.1615.2022
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Referências
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6. Arístegui Fernández J, Díez Domingo J, Marés Bermúdez J, Martinón Torres F. Vaccination against hepatitis B. Impact of vaccination programs after 20 years of their use in Spain. Is it time for changes? Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology. 2015; 33(2): p. 113-118. Doi:10.1016 / j.eimc.2014.12.010.
7. Fernández Nieto I. Seroconversion of the anti-hepatitis B vaccine in health personnel. Nursing Research. 2019; 4(3): p. 39-43. Doi: 10.29033/enfi.v4i3.587
8. Rousseff T, Claeys T, Vande Vijver E. Hepatitis B virus vaccination and revaccination response in children diagnosed with coeliac disease: a multicentre prospective study. Acta Gastrienterol Belg. 2019; 82(1). p. 27-30. Doi:30888750
9. Bruce MG, Bruden D, Hurlburt, Zanis C, Thompson. Antibody levels and protection after hepatitis B vaccination: results of a 30-year follow-up study and response to a booster dose. TheJournal of Infectious Diseases. 2016; 214(1). doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiv748
10. Van Damme P, Dionne, Leroux Roels G, Van Der Meeren O, Di Paolo E, Salaun B, et al. Persistence of HBsAg-specific antibodies and immune memory two to three decades after hepatitis B vaccination in adults. J Viral Hepat. 2019; 26(9). Doi: 10.1111/jvh.13125
eleven. Ren W, Jingjing R, Wu , Shen L, Huan S. Long-term persistence of anti-HBs after hepatitis B vaccination among adults: 8-year results. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics. 2020; 16(3).p. 687-692. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1666612
12. Arruche , Varas , Rincón A, Ramos R. Does vitamin D influence hepatitis B surface antibodies in unvaccinated hemodialysis patients? Nephrology. 2019; 39(4).p. 330-454. Doi: 10.1016/j.nefro.2018.11.004
13. Semra T. Relationship between cytokine gene polymorphisms and chronic hepatitis B virus infection. WorldJournal of Gastroenterology. 2014; 20(2).p. 6226–6235. Doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i20.6226
14. Fernández Prada M, Rodríguez Fonseca D, Brandy García M, Alonso Penanes P, Huerta González I, Fernández Noval. Use of hepatitis B vaccine adjuvanted with AS04C in HIV patients. Spanish Journal of Chemotherapy. 2018; 31(2): p. 105-109. PMCID: PMC6159376.
fifteen. Cabezas C, Trujillo O, Balbuena, Manrique de Lara C, Marín L, Ramírez Soto. Reduction in HBV and HDV infection in two indigenous populations of the Peruvian Amazon after vaccination against hepatitis B. Salud Publica Mex. 2020; 62(3): p. 237-245. Doi: 10.21149/11128
16. Aguilar Urbina EW, García Tello V, Hilario Vargas J, Concepción Urteaga , Maguiña Vargas C. Factors associated with inadequate response to the hepatitis B vaccine in patients with HIV. Journal of Gastroenterology of Peru. 2019; 39(3): p. 252-257.ISSN 1022-5129
17. Loza Munárriz C, Depaz Dolores , Suarez Jara M, Loza Munárriz R. Frequency of serological markers of viral hepatitis B and C in patients entering the hemodialysis program for the first time at the Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia. Rev. of Gastroenterology of Peru. 2005; 25(4).p.320-327. ISSN 1022-5129.
18. Valero Cedeño N, Fernandez Nieto M. Importance of Hepatitis B virus immunization in Nursing students. Nursing Research. 2018; 3(3): 155-159. ISSN 2550-6692.
19. Yuste H, Valcárcel Y, Gil A. Vaccination status and knowledge about the Hepatitis B vaccine in Nursing students. Nure Investigation. 2015; 3(21).
twenty. Kazuto T, Shimizu. Unsolved problems and future perspectives of hepatitis B virus vaccination. WorldJournal of Gastroenterology. 2015; 21(23).p.7074–7083. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i23.7074
twenty-one. Villacreses-Córdova BR, Fernández-Nieto M, Merchán-Ponce HM, Valero-Cedeño N. Knowledge, attitudes and practices in students of the health area in an Ecuadorian university and its association with the serological profile for Hepatitis B by immunization. Domain of Sciences [Online], 2019; 5(1): 792-817.
22. Pan American Health Organization. [On-line]; 2016. Accessed July 25, 2020. Available at:https://www.paho.org/ecu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1791:ops-oms-encourages-the-countries-of-the-americas-to-act-to-reduce- deaths-from-hepatitis-and-improving-prevention-and-treatment&Itemid=360.
23. Navas Castillo J. Infectious Diseases Clinic. University of San Carlos de Guatemala, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy.
24. Vargas Cordoba M. Medical Virology. Second Edition ed. Bogota: The modern manual; 2016.
25. Cordeiro N TRCH. Hepatitis B Virus. In Bacteriology and Medical Virology. p. 477 - 489.
26. World Health Organization. [On-line]; 2019. Accessed July 25, 2020. Available at:https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-b.
27. Cohen E, Tran TT. Hepatitis B in the Female Population. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2016; 45(2).p. 359-70. Doi: 10.1016/j.gtc.2016.02.011.
28. Cheung KW, Tzu-Hsi Lao. Hepatitis B - Vertical transmission and the prevention of mother-to-child transmission. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2020; 68. p. 78-88. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2020.02.014.
29. asscat. [On-line]; 2020. Accessed July 24, 2020. Available at:https://asscat-hepatitis.org/hepatitis-viricas/hepatitis-b/#:~:text=El%20diagn%C3%B3stico%20serol%C3%B3gico%20de%20la,y%20el%20antibody%20anti% 2Dcore.
30. Yaron Rotman, Brown A, Hoofnagle. Evaluation of the patient with hepatitis B. General Medicine. 2009; 49(5). Doi: 10.1002/hep.22976.
31. Fanning GC, Zoulim, Hou, Bertoletti. Therapeutic strategies for hepatitis B virus infection: towards a cure. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2019; 18(11). p. 827-844. doi:10.1038/s41573-019-0037-0.
32. Villacreses Córdova, Fernández Nieto, Merchán Ponce, Valero Cedeño. Knowledge, attitudes and practices in students of the health area in an Ecuadorian university and its association with the serological profile for Hepatitis B by immunization. science domain. 2019; 5(1).
33. Mormile R. Hepatitis B vaccine nonresponse: A predictor of latent autoimmunity? Medical Hypotheses. 2017; 104:p. 45-47. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.05.020.
3. 4. Wilkins, Sams, Carpenter. Hepatitis B: Screening, Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Am Fam Physician. 2019; 99(5).p. 314-323. PMID: 30811163
35. Boeijen LL, Hoogeveen RC, Andre B, Lauer GM. Hepatitis B virus infection and the immune response: The big questions. Best Practice Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2017; 31(3). p. 265-272. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2017.05.003.
36. Spanish Association of Pediatrics. [On-line].; 2014. Accessed November 12, 2020. Available at:https://www.aeped.es/sites/default/files/documentos/hepatitisB.pdf.
37. World Health Organization. [On-line].; 2017. Accessed November 13, 2020. Available at:https://www.who.int/en/news/item/21-04-2017-new-hepatitis-data-highlight-need-for-urgent-global-response.
38. Boeijen L, Hoogeveen R, Andre B, Lauer G. Hepatitis B virus infection and the immune response: The big questions. Best Practice Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2017; 31(3).p. 265-272. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2017.05.003.
39. Ruiz H, Diaz AM. Analysis of the evolution of acute hepatitis B in Spain. National Epidemiology Center. Carlos III Health Institute. 2019; 4(27).
40. Ministry of Public Health (MSP). Immunopreventable Hepatitis B. [Online].; 2020.. Available at:https://www.salud.gob.ec/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/ETAS-SE-16_2020.pdf.
41. Ministry of Public Health (MSP). Weekly Epidemiological Gazette. , General Directorate of Epidemiological Surveillance.
42. Thomas RJ, Fletcher GJ, Kirupakaran H, Chacko MP, Thenmozhi S, Eapen CE, Chandy G, Abraham P. Prevalence of non-responsiveness to an indigenous recombinant hepatitis B vaccine: a study among South Indian health care workers in a tertiary hospital. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2015 Feb;33 Suppl:32-6. doi: 10.4103/0255-0857.150877.
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